"Income tax" is a tax based on income earned by an individual or company. The taxpayer typically files a tax return declaring the income earned and any applicable tax deductions and exemptions that lower the taxable amount due. Income tax returns are typically due at the federal, state, and, sometimes, city level.
A "put," in the financial context, is an option giving the holder the right to sell an underlying security at a set price. A put is the opposite of a "call" which gives the right to buy an underlying security at a set price. The buyer of a put option is, in essence, betting that the price of the underlying security will be less than the exercise price before the put expiration date. A purchaser of the put expects that the underlying security will decrease.